The first voyage of Christopher Columbus is the starting point of a brutal and bloody intervention of the European powers in the history of the peoples of the ’Americas’ Thanks to the possession of patents and to governmental complicity, Big Pharma is garnering (.).The coronavirus pandemic has widened the gap between the Global North and the Global (.).Public debt has been and still is systematically used as a means of grabbing (.).Social reproduction has also come to the forefront.During the 19 th century and the first half of the 20 th century, popular movements recreated (.).Capitalism has continued its offensive against collective commons.Latin America’s external debt crises: 19 th-21 st century.External debt as a means of domination and subordination.Great Britain joins the other European powers in the conquest of the world.

Intra-Asian trade before the European powers burst onto the scene.In 1500, standards of living were comparable.Maritime Chinese expeditions during the 15 th century.Second intercontinental voyage of Vasco de Gama (1502).Later on, they completed their domination in Australia and finally Africa. Simultaneously, European powers started the conquest of Asia. The Spanish conquistadors and their Portuguese, British, French and Dutch counterparts together conquered the whole geographical area, commonly known as the Americas, by causing the death of the vast majority of the indigenous population in order to exploit the natural resources (in particular gold and silver). It was the starting point of a brutal and bloody intervention of European sea powers in the history of American peoples, a region of the world that had, up to then, remained insulated from regular relationships with Europe, Africa and Asia. The beginning of Globalization goes back to the outcomes of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus that brought him, on October 1492, to the shore of an island in the Caribbean Sea. In this study, Éric Toussaint covers the period from the 15 th to the 21 st century, focusing on the dramatic effects of capitalist globalisation.

What did vasco da gama